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Oracle bones () are pieces of turtle shell or bone, normally from ox scapulae or turtle plastrons, which were used for pyromancy – a form of divination – in ancient China, mainly during the late Shang dynasty. ''Scapulimancy'' is the correct term if ox scapulae were used for the divination; if turtle shells were used, the term is ''plastromancy''. Diviners would submit questions to deities regarding future weather, crop planting, the fortunes of members of the royal family, military endeavors, and other similar topics.〔Victor H. Mair, "The Case of the Wayward Oracle Bone", ''Expedition'' 43/2 (2001), 42.〕 These questions were carved onto the bone or shell in oracle bone script using a sharp tool. Intense heat was then applied with a metal rod until the bone or shell cracked due to thermal expansion. The diviner would then interpret the pattern of cracks and write the prognostication upon the piece as well.〔 By the Zhou dynasty, cinnabar ink and brush had become the preferred writing method, resulting in fewer carved inscriptions and often blank oracle bones being unearthed. The oracle bones bear the earliest known significant corpus of ancient Chinese writing and contain important historical information such as the complete royal genealogy of the Shang dynasty. When they were discovered and deciphered in the early twentieth century, these records confirmed the existence of the Shang, which some scholars had until then doubted. ==Discovery== The Shang-dynasty oracle bones are thought to have been unearthed periodically by local farmers〔Qiu 2000, p.60〕 since as early as the Sui and Tang dynasties and perhaps starting as early as the Han dynasty,〔Zhōu Hóngxiáng (周鴻翔) 1976 p.1, citing Wei Juxian 1939, "Qín-Hàn shi fāxiàn jiǎgǔwén shuō", in Shuōwén Yuè Kān, vol. 1, no.4; and He Tianxing 1940, "Jiǎgǔwén yi xianyu gǔdài shuō", in Xueshu (Shànghǎi), no. 1〕 but local inhabitants did not realize what the bones were and generally reburied them.〔Wilkinson (2000): 390.〕 During the 19th century, villagers in the area digging in the fields discovered a number of bones and used them as "dragon bones" (), a reference to the traditional Chinese medicine practice of grinding up Pleistocene fossils into tonics or poultices.〔〔Fairbank, 2006, p. 33.〕 The turtle shell fragments were prescribed for malaria, while the other animal bones were used in powdered form to treat knife wounds.〔Xu Yahui p.4〕 In 1899, an antiques dealer from Shandong Province searching for Chinese bronzes in the area acquired a number of oracle bones from locals, several of which he sold to Wang Yirong, the chancellor of the Imperial Academy in Beijing.〔Wilkinson (2000): 391.〕 Wang was a knowledgeable collector of Chinese bronzes and is believed to be the first person in modern times to recognize the oracle bones' markings as ancient Chinese writing similar to that on Zhou dynasty bronzes.〔 A legendary tale relates that Wang was sick with malaria, and his scholar friend Liu E was visiting him and helped examine his medicine. They discovered, before it was ground into powder, that it bore strange glyphs, which they, having studied the ancient bronze inscriptions, recognized as ancient writing.〔 As Xǔ Yǎhuì states: :''"No one can know how many oracle bones, prior to 1899, were ground up by traditional Chinese pharmacies and disappeared into peoples' stomachs."''〔 It is not known how Wang and Liu actually came across these "dragon bones", but Wang is credited with being the first to recognize their significance.〔 Wang committed suicide in 1900 in connection with his involvement in the Boxer Rebellion, and his son later sold the bones to friend Liu E, who published the first book of rubbings of the oracle bone inscriptions in 1903.〔〔Xu Yahui p.16〕 News of the discovery of the oracle bones spread quickly throughout China and among foreign collectors and scholars, and the market for oracle bones exploded, though many collectors sought to keep the location of the bones' source a secret.〔 Although scholars tried to find their source, antique dealers falsely claimed that the bones came from Tangyin in Henan.〔 In 1908, scholar Luo Zhenyu discovered the source of the bones near Anyang and realized that the area was the site of the last Shang dynasty capital.〔 Decades of uncontrolled digs followed to fuel the antiques trade, and many of these pieces eventually entered collections in Europe, the US, Canada and Japan.〔Zhou 1976, p.1〕 The first Western collector was the American Rev. Frank H. Chalfant, while Presbyterian minister James Mellon Menzies (明義士) (1885–1957) of Canada bought the largest amount.〔Xu Yahui p.6〕 The Chinese still acknowledge the pioneering contribution of Menzies as "the foremost western scholar of Yin-Shang culture and oracle bone inscriptions." His former residence in Anyang was declared a "Protected Treasure" in 2004, and the James Mellon Menzies Memorial Museum for Oracle Bone Studies was established.〔Wang Haiping (2006). "Menzies and Yin-Shang Culture Scholarship – An Unbreakable Bond." ''Anyang Ribao'' (Anyang Daily), August 12, 2006, p.1〕〔See Linfu Dong (2005). ''Cross Culture and Faith: the Life and Work of James Mellon Menzies''. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, ISBN 978-0-8020-3869-2.〕〔Geoff York (2008). "The unsung Canadian some knew as 'Old Bones' James Mellon Menzies, a man of God whose faith inspired him to unearth clues about the Middle Kingdom." ''Globe and Mail'', January 18, 2008, p. F4-5〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Oracle bone」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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